Narrative Review. This page provides the verified citation, abstract, and full-text PDF for the journal article.

Clinical boundary: Panic-like symptoms can have psychiatric, medical, medication-related, or substance-related causes. New, severe, atypical, or dangerous symptoms require individual assessment rather than self-diagnosis.

Publication Details

Author: Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
Journal: The Journal of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Communication
Publication date: 2022-03-31
Volume, issue, pages: 11(1), 1–10
Article type: Narrative Review

Recommended citation: Haverkampf, C. J. (2022). Anxiety and Panic: When Does Normal Stress Cross the Line into a Disorder? The Journal of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Communication, 11(1), 1–10.

Abstract

Anxiety, stress, fear, and panic are overlapping but non-equivalent terms. Their ordinary forms prepare action and protect safety; their clinical forms can narrow life, amplify bodily threat, and persist after the relevant challenge has passed. Because no single symptom or questionnaire score marks a boundary between normality and disorder, recognition depends on proportionality, persistence, recurrence, controllability, functional cost, avoidance, and differential diagnosis. This narrative review integrates diagnostic guidance, affective neuroscience, cognitive-behavioral evidence, and a communication-oriented formulation. Panic attacks are treated as episodes that can occur within several disorders, medical states, and substance effects, rather than as automatic proof of panic disorder. The review explains the reinforcing roles of catastrophic interpretation, interoceptive vigilance, anticipatory anxiety, avoidance, and safety behavior. It also outlines medical and psychiatric alternatives, staged assessment, urgent warning signs, and evidence-based treatment principles. A central conclusion is that the clinically important question is not whether distress feels intense, but whether the response remains flexible, informative, proportionate, and compatible with valued functioning. Assessment should validate suffering without pathologizing every alarm response and should identify when anxiety has become a self-maintaining constraint requiring professional care.

Keywords

anxiety; panic attack; panic disorder; stress; avoidance; differential diagnosis; impairment; psychotherapy

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Website copy first made available on 26 August 2026. The journal citation retains the article’s issue date.

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