insomnia
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© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
Uncategorized
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© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
Uncategorized
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© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders. These include various abnormalities related to mood, behavior, cognition, and perceptions. Working on internal and external communication is a central focus in psychiatric treatment.
Keywords: psychiatry, psychotherapy, communication, medicine
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© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
Uncategorized
Neurotransmitters play an important role in transmitting information between neurons across the synaptic cleft. Various regions and pathways in the brain use different patterns of neurotransmitters and different receptor subclasses, which helps to identify the role specific neurotransmitters play in various psychiatric conditions in neuroimaging studies and can also make medication more specific.
Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal. Following a chemical or electric signal, the vesicles fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. At the other end of the synapse, they bind to receptors on the membrane. The usual information transmission path is thus that a wave of electrical depolarisation migrates down the nerve fibre of one neuron, triggers a release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse, which is then picked up by the receptors on the nerve fibre of the next cell, where it leads to an electrical depolarisation or chemical signal. Information can be passed by this mechanism from one cell to the next along the nerve fibres of the cells contained in the neural network, while the neurotransmitter system allows to finetune and control it.
Presynaptic receptors may help in the autoregulation of the quantity of neurotransmitters released from an axon terminal into the synapse. They can, for example, inhibit the availability and release of neurotransmitters, when the neurotransmitter concentration outside the neuron is too high.
© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
psychiatric medication
Pharmacokinetics describes the processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a chemical substance. There are four processes, which are often also represented as five:
Liberation: the drug is released from the pharmaceutical formulation
Absorption: the substance enters the blood circulation.
Distribution: the substance disperses throughout the fluids and tissues of the body.
Metabolism (Biotransformation): the parent compound is transformed into daughter metabolites
Excretion: the metabolites are excreted from the body
Elimination can be split into Metabolism and Excretion, which then yields five rather than four processes.
© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
psychiatric medication
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and is one of the main two diagnostic manuals for mental health conditions in the world. The current version is the fifth edition. The other manual is the International Classifications of Diseases (ICD) published by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The DSM is mainly used in English speaking countries, including the US and UK, and in research, while the ICD is often used elsewhere.
Even although the DSM is widely used worldwide, one of its problems is that it is published by a national association and not an international body. Even in the US, the ICD-10 is officially encouraged for coding mental health conditions.
© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
psychiatric medication
Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of drugs that primarily target receptors and other mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS), which play a role in information transmission between cells and along cells.
Psychiatric medication is used to treat a wide spectrum of mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD, psychosis, eating disorder, ADHD, bipolar disorder and more. These drugs have effects on mood, thinking, behaviour, perception and sensation.
© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
psychiatry
Benzodiazepines and z-drugs are some of the most widely prescribed medication. They work as anxiolytics, sleep inducers, and in various other capacities, such as muscle relaxants and against epileptic seizures. For people with anxiety and panic attack, they can normalize life, while long-term treatment options are explored, and they can be used as emergency standby medication. However, they also carry risks, such as cognitive impairment and sedation in the short-run and tolerance and dependence in the long-run. Fortunately, there are alternatives to the benzodiazepines and z-drugs, which can be used in many cases.
Keywords: benzodiazepine, z-drug, medication, psychiatry
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© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
common mental health conditions
This paper provides a brief overview of social anxiety and its treatment. There are several psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment options. Often, a combination of the two leads to superior results. Special emphasis is given to a communication-oriented approach. Since communication is the mechanism which is impaired, communication is also the instrument how the condition and the debilitating symptoms that come with it can be reversed.
Keywords: social anxiety, psychotherapy, psychiatry
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© 2018 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf
